Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Better
Shengchao Liu, Xiaoming Liu, Yichen Wang, Zehua Cheng, Chengzhengxu Li, Zhaohan Zhang, Yu Lan, Chao Shen
Abstract
The burgeoning generative capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have raised growing concerns about abuse, demanding automatic machine-generated text detectors. De-tectGPT (Mitchell et al., 2023), a zero-shot metric-based detector, first introduces perturbation and shows great performance improvement. However, in DetectGPT, the random perturbation strategy could introduce noise, and logit regression depends on the threshold, harming the generalizability and applicability of individual or small-batch inputs. Hence, we propose a novel fine-tuned detector, PECOLA, bridging metric-based and fine-tuned methods by contrastive learning on selective perturbation. Selective strategy retains important tokens during perturbation and weights for multi-pair contrastive learning. The experiments show that PECOLA outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) by 1.20% in accuracy on average on four public datasets. And we further analyze the effectiveness, robustness, and generalization of the method. 1 * Corresponding author 1 The code and datasets are released at https://github. com/lsc-1/Pecola . Original Connects to a specific sound, the ear is bone! You vibrate the bones of your jaw and that vibration travels into your ear. Sound doesn't just travel in air, it travels in all the other dimensions that connect people together. DetectGPT Connects to a specific sound, the connection is bone! You vibrate those bones of your jaw, and the vibration carries sound towards your ear. Sound doesn't just travel in air, it does travel in all materials.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Cited by top-tier papers5
- HACo-Det: A Study Towards Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detection under Human-AI CoauthoringZhixiong Su, Yichen Wang, Herun Wan, Zhaohan Zhang et al.ACL 2025 · 10 citations
- MGT-Prism: Enhancing Domain Generalization for Machine-Generated Text Detection via Spectral AlignmentShengchao Liu, Xiaoming Liu, Chengzhengxu Li, Zhaohan Zhang et al.AAAI 2026 · 1 citation
- Learning to Rewrite: Generalized LLM-Generated Text DetectionWei Hao, Ran Li, Weiliang Zhao, Junfeng Yang et al.ACL 2025
- Learning From Dictionary: Enhancing Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detection in Zero-Shot Language via Adversarial TrainingYuanfan Li, Qi Zhou, Zexuan XieICLR 2026
- OSTAR: Optimized Statistical Text-classifier with Adversarial ResistanceYuhan Yao, Feifei Kou, Lei Shi, Xiao Yang et al.NeurIPS 2025
Builds on21
- Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency TrainingQizhe Xie, Zihang Dai, Eduard H. Hovy, Thang Luong et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 2,774 citations
- Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and ScalingStella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Gregory Anthony, Herbie Bradley et al.ICML 2023 · 1,822 citations
- DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability CurvatureEric Mitchell, Yoonho Lee, Alexander Khazatsky, Christopher D. Manning et al.ICML 2023 · 988 citations
- A Watermark for Large Language ModelsJohn Kirchenbauer, Jonas Geiping, Yuxin Wen, Jonathan Katz et al.ICML 2023 · 854 citations
- CSI: Novelty Detection via Contrastive Learning on Distributionally Shifted InstancesJihoon Tack, Sangwoo Mo, Jongheon Jeong, Jinwoo ShinNeurIPS 2020 · 755 citations
Related papers
- CoCo: Coherence-Enhanced Machine-Generated Text Detection Under Low Resource With Contrastive LearningXiaoming Liu, Zhaohan Zhang, Yichen Wang, Hang Pu et al.EMNLP 2023 · 16 citations
- Stumbling Blocks: Stress Testing the Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detectors Under AttacksYichen Wang, Shangbin Feng, Abe Bohan Hou, Xiao Pu et al.ACL 2024
- Fast-DetectGPT: Efficient Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text via Conditional Probability CurvatureGuangsheng Bao, Yanbin Zhao, Zhiyang Teng, Linyi Yang et al.ICLR 2024 · 311 citations
- Spotting LLMs With Binoculars: Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated TextAbhimanyu Hans, Avi Schwarzschild, Valeriia Cherepanova, Hamid Kazemi et al.ICML 2024 · 262 citations
- DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive LearningXun Guo, Yongxin He, Shan Zhang, Ting Zhang et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 100 citations
