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The Crucial Role of Samplers in Online Direct Preference Optimization

Ruizhe Shi, Runlong Zhou, Simon Shaolei Du

Abstract

In this paper, we provide a rigorous analysis of DPO's convergence rates with different sampling strategies under the exact gradient setting, revealing a separation: uniform sampling achieves linear convergence, while our proposed online sampler achieves quadratic convergence. We further adapt the sampler to practical settings by incorporating posterior distributions and logit mixing, demonstrating significant improvements over previous approaches. Our results not only offer insights into the theoretical standing of DPO but also pave the way for potential algorithm designs in the future.

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Cited by top-tier papers12

  1. ComPO: Preference Alignment via Comparison OraclesPeter Chen, Xi Chen, Wotao Yin, Tianyi LinNeurIPS 2025 · 20 citations
  2. Representation-Based Exploration for Language Models: From Test-Time to Post-TrainingJens Tuyls, Dylan J Foster, Akshay Krishnamurthy, Jordan T. AshICLR 2026 · 18 citations
  3. Avoiding exp(R) scaling in RLHF through Preference-based ExplorationMingyu Chen, Yiding Chen, Wen Sun, Xuezhou ZhangNeurIPS 2025 · 9 citations
  4. Reward-free Alignment for Conflicting ObjectivesPeter Chen, Xiaopeng Li, Xi Chen, Tianyi LinICML 2026 · 8 citations
  5. Coverage Improvement and Fast Convergence of On-policy Preference LearningJuno Kim, Jihun Yun, Jason Lee, Kwang-Sung JunICML 2026 · 5 citations

Builds on13

  1. Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward ModelRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D. Manning et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 10,924 citations
  2. Contrastive Preference Optimization: Pushing the Boundaries of LLM Performance in Machine TranslationHaoran Xu, Amr Sharaf, Yunmo Chen, Weiting Tan et al.ICML 2024 · 447 citations
  3. Iterative Preference Learning from Human Feedback: Bridging Theory and Practice for RLHF under KL-constraintWei Xiong, Hanze Dong, Chenlu Ye, Ziqi Wang et al.ICML 2024 · 346 citations
  4. Statistical Rejection Sampling Improves Preference OptimizationTianqi Liu, Yao Zhao, Rishabh Joshi, Misha Khalman et al.ICLR 2024 · 346 citations
  5. Principled Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback from Pairwise or K-wise ComparisonsBanghua Zhu, Michael I. Jordan, Jiantao JiaoICML 2023 · 273 citations

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