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EMNLP Findings2024

Regression Aware Inference with LLMs

Michal Lukasik, Harikrishna Narasimhan, Aditya Krishna Menon, Felix X. Yu, Sanjiv Kumar

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong results on a range of applications, including regression and scoring tasks.Typically, one obtains outputs from an LLM via autoregressive sampling from the model's output distribution.We show that this inference strategy can be sub-optimal for common regression and scoring evaluation metrics.As a remedy, we build on prior work on Minimum Bayes Risk decoding, and propose alternate inference strategies that estimate the Bayes-optimal solution for regression and scoring metrics in closed-form from sampled responses.We show that our proposal significantly improves over baselines across datasets and models.p(y|x) LLM y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 sampling from p(y|x) forward passWhat is the rating corresponding to the following review on the scale of 1 to 5? Review: this product is great!Rating: Decision rule

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Cited by top-tier papers7

  1. Beyond Token-level Supervision: Unlocking the Potential of Decoding-based Regression via Reinforcement LearningMing Chen, Sheng Tang, Rong-Xi Tan, Ziniu Li et al.ICML 2026 · 2 citations
  2. Task-Awareness Improves LLM Generations and UncertaintyTim Tomov, Dominik Fuchsgruber, Stephan GünnemannICML 2026 · 2 citations
  3. TRACT: Regression-Aware Fine-tuning Meets Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for LLM-as-a-JudgeCheng-Han Chiang, Hung-yi Lee, Michal LukasikACL 2025
  4. REAL: Regression-Aware Reinforcement Learning for LLM-as-a-JudgeYasi Zhang, Tianyu Chen, Mingyuan Zhou, Oscar Leong et al.ICML 2026
  5. SPR-RAFT: Parameter-Efficient Regression-Aware Fine-Tuning for Biomedical LLM RegressionYuanlin Yang, Chenhui Li, Xuhao Guo, ANQI ZHANG et al.ICML 2026

Builds on9

  1. Large Language Models are Zero-Shot ReasonersTakeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 8,168 citations
  2. Finetuned Language Models are Zero-Shot LearnersJason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y. Zhao, Kelvin Guu et al.ICLR 2022 · 4,966 citations
  3. Large Language Models Are Zero-Shot Time Series ForecastersNate Gruver, Marc Finzi, Shikai Qiu, Andrew Gordon WilsonNeurIPS 2023 · 898 citations
  4. Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language ModelsXuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le et al.ICLR 2023 · 681 citations
  5. Large Language Models with Controllable Working MemoryDaliang Li, Ankit Singh Rawat, Manzil Zaheer, Xin Wang et al.ACL Findings 2023 · 46 citations

Related papers

  1. Better autoregressive regression with LLMs via regression-aware fine-tuningMichal Lukasik, Zhao Meng, Harikrishna Narasimhan, Yin-Wen Chang et al.ICLR 2025
  2. Demystifying LLM-as-a-Judge: Analytically Tractable Model for Inference-Time ScalingIndranil Halder, Cengiz PehlevanICML 2026 · 4 citations
  3. Selection of LLM Fine-Tuning Data Based on Orthogonal RulesXiaomin Li, Mingye Gao, Zhiwei Zhang, Chang Yue et al.AAAI 2026 · 9 citations
  4. LLM Processes: Numerical Predictive Distributions Conditioned on Natural LanguageJames Requeima, John Bronskill, Dami Choi, Richard E. Turner et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 72 citations
  5. Efficient Reinforcement Learning with Large Language Model PriorsXue Yan, Yan Song, Xidong Feng, Mengyue Yang et al.ICLR 2025
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