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ICLR2025Top-tier venue

Better autoregressive regression with LLMs via regression-aware fine-tuning

Michal Lukasik, Zhao Meng, Harikrishna Narasimhan, Yin-Wen Chang, Aditya Krishna Menon, Felix Yu, Sanjiv Kumar

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong results on a range of applications, including regression and scoring tasks. Typically, one obtains outputs from an LLM via autoregressive sampling from the model's output distribution. We show that this inference strategy can be sub-optimal for common regression and scoring evaluation metrics. As a remedy, we build on prior work on Minimum Bayes Risk decoding, and propose alternate inference strategies that estimate the Bayes-optimal solution for regression and scoring metrics in closed-form from sampled responses. We show that our proposal significantly improves over baselines across datasets and models. p(y|x) LLM y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 sampling from p(y|x) forward pass What is the rating corresponding to the following review on the scale of 1 to 5? Review: this product is great! Rating: Decision rule

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Cited by top-tier papers7

  1. Beyond Token-level Supervision: Unlocking the Potential of Decoding-based Regression via Reinforcement LearningMing Chen, Sheng Tang, Rong-Xi Tan, Ziniu Li et al.ICML 2026 · 2 citations
  2. Regress, Don't Guess: A Regression-like Loss on Number Tokens for Language ModelsJonas Zausinger, Lars Pennig, Anamarija Kozina, Sean Sdahl et al.ICML 2025
  3. TRACT: Regression-Aware Fine-tuning Meets Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for LLM-as-a-JudgeCheng-Han Chiang, Hung-yi Lee, Michal LukasikACL 2025
  4. Composable Cross-prompt Essay Scoring by Merging ModelsSanwoo Lee, Kun Liang, Yunfang WuEMNLP 2025
  5. REAL: Regression-Aware Reinforcement Learning for LLM-as-a-JudgeYasi Zhang, Tianyu Chen, Mingyuan Zhou, Oscar Leong et al.ICML 2026

Builds on8

  1. Large Language Models are Zero-Shot ReasonersTakeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 8,168 citations
  2. Finetuned Language Models are Zero-Shot LearnersJason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y. Zhao, Kelvin Guu et al.ICLR 2022 · 4,966 citations
  3. Large Language Models Are Zero-Shot Time Series ForecastersNate Gruver, Marc Finzi, Shikai Qiu, Andrew Gordon WilsonNeurIPS 2023 · 898 citations
  4. Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language ModelsXuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le et al.ICLR 2023 · 681 citations
  5. Large Language Models with Controllable Working MemoryDaliang Li, Ankit Singh Rawat, Manzil Zaheer, Xin Wang et al.ACL Findings 2023 · 46 citations

Related papers

  1. Regression Aware Inference with LLMsMichal Lukasik, Harikrishna Narasimhan, Aditya Krishna Menon, Felix X. Yu et al.EMNLP Findings 2024 · 3 citations
  2. Task-Awareness Improves LLM Generations and UncertaintyTim Tomov, Dominik Fuchsgruber, Stephan GünnemannICML 2026 · 2 citations
  3. Demystifying LLM-as-a-Judge: Analytically Tractable Model for Inference-Time ScalingIndranil Halder, Cengiz PehlevanICML 2026 · 4 citations
  4. Selection of LLM Fine-Tuning Data Based on Orthogonal RulesXiaomin Li, Mingye Gao, Zhiwei Zhang, Chang Yue et al.AAAI 2026 · 9 citations
  5. Language Ranker: A Lightweight Ranking framework for LLM DecodingChenheng Zhang, Tianqi Du, Jizhe Zhang, Mingqing Xiao et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 3 citations
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