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ACL Findings2021

Analyzing Stereotypes in Generative Text Inference Tasks

Anna Sotnikova, Yang Trista Cao, Hal Daumé III, Rachel Rudinger

Abstract

Stereotypes are inferences drawn about people based on their demographic attributes, which may result in harms to users when a system is deployed. In generative language-inference tasks, given a premise, a model produces plausible hypotheses that follow either logically (natural language inference) or commonsensically (commonsense inference). Such tasks are therefore a fruitful setting in which to explore the degree to which NLP systems encode stereotypes. In our work, we study how stereotypes manifest when the potential targets of stereotypes are situated in real-life, neutral contexts. We collect human judgments on the presence of stereotypes in generated inferences, and compare how perceptions of stereotypes vary due to annotator positionality.

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Cited by top-tier papers2

  1. GLaM: Efficient Scaling of Language Models with Mixture-of-ExpertsNan Du, Yanping Huang, Andrew M. Dai, Simon Tong et al.ICML 2022 · 1,173 citations
  2. "I'm sorry to hear that": Finding New Biases in Language Models with a Holistic Descriptor DatasetEric Michael Smith, Melissa Hall, Melanie Kambadur, Eleonora Presani et al.EMNLP 2022 · 56 citations

Builds on6

  1. Towards Controllable Biases in Language GenerationEmily Sheng, Kai-Wei Chang, Prem Natarajan, Nanyun PengEMNLP Findings 2020 · 89 citations
  2. Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPSu Lin Blodgett, Solon Barocas, Hal Daumé III, Hanna M. WallachACL 2020 · 68 citations
  3. UNQOVERing Stereotypical Biases via Underspecified QuestionsTao Li, Daniel Khashabi, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal et al.EMNLP Findings 2020 · 62 citations
  4. CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language ModelsNikita Nangia, Clara Vania, Rasika Bhalerao, Samuel R. BowmanEMNLP 2020 · 19 citations
  5. Queens are Powerful too: Mitigating Gender Bias in Dialogue GenerationEmily Dinan, Angela Fan, Adina Williams, Jack Urbanek et al.EMNLP 2020 · 14 citations

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  1. On Measuring and Mitigating Biased Inferences of Word EmbeddingsSunipa Dev, Tao Li, Jeff M. Phillips, Vivek SrikumarAAAI 2020 · 195 citations
  2. Reading Between the Prompts: How Stereotypes Shape LLM's Implicit PersonalizationVera Neplenbroek, Arianna Bisazza, Raquel FernándezEMNLP 2025
  3. StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelsMoin Nadeem, Anna Bethke, Siva ReddyACL 2021
  4. Stereotyping Norwegian Salmon: An Inventory of Pitfalls in Fairness Benchmark DatasetsSu Lin Blodgett, Gilsinia Lopez, Alexandra Olteanu, Robert Sim et al.ACL 2021
  5. Are Stereotypes Leading LLMs' Zero-Shot Stance Detection ?Anthony Dubreuil, Antoine Gourru, Christine Largeron, Amine TrabelsiEMNLP 2025 · 1 citation
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