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EMNLP Findings2022

Diving Deep into Modes of Fact Hallucinations in Dialogue Systems

Souvik Das, Sougata Saha, Rohini K. Srihari

Abstract

Knowledge Graph(KG) grounded conversations often use large pre-trained models and usually suffer from fact hallucination. Frequently entities with no references in knowledge sources and conversation history are introduced into responses, thus hindering the flow of the conversation-existing work attempt to overcome this issue by tweaking the training procedure or using a multi-step refining method. However, minimal effort is put into constructing an entity-level hallucination detection system, which would provide fine-grained signals that control fallacious content while generating responses. As a first step to address this issue, we dive deep to identify various modes of hallucination in KG-grounded chatbots through human feedback analysis. Secondly, we propose a series of perturbation strategies to create a synthetic dataset named FADE (FActual Dialogue Hallucination DEtection Dataset) 1 . Finally, we conduct comprehensive data analyses and create multiple baseline models for hallucination detection to compare against human-verified data and already established benchmarks.

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Cited by top-tier papers8

  1. HaluEval: A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language ModelsJunyi Li, Xiaoxue Cheng, Xin Zhao, Jian-Yun Nie et al.EMNLP 2023 · 224 citations
  2. The Dawn After the Dark: An Empirical Study on Factuality Hallucination in Large Language ModelsJunyi Li, Jie Chen, Ruiyang Ren, Xiaoxue Cheng et al.ACL 2024 · 49 citations
  3. Reasoning Models Hallucinate More: Factuality-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning ModelsJunyi Li, Hwee Tou NgNeurIPS 2025 · 20 citations
  4. Improving Factuality in Large Language Models via Decoding-Time Hallucinatory and Truthful ComparatorsDingkang Yang, Dongling Xiao, Jinjie Wei, Mingcheng Li et al.AAAI 2025 · 17 citations
  5. VISTA: Verification In Sequential Turn-based AssessmentAshley Lewis, Andrew Perrault, Eric Fosler-Lussier, Michael WhiteACL 2026

Builds on7

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
  2. Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in ConversationKurt Shuster, Spencer Poff, Moya Chen, Douwe Kiela et al.EMNLP Findings 2021 · 579 citations
  3. Neural Path Hunter: Reducing Hallucination in Dialogue Systems via Path GroundingNouha Dziri, Andrea Madotto, Osmar Zaïane, Avishek Joey BoseEMNLP 2021 · 74 citations
  4. ToTTo: A Controlled Table-To-Text Generation DatasetAnkur P. Parikh, Xuezhi Wang, Sebastian Gehrmann, Manaal Faruqui et al.EMNLP 2020 · 69 citations
  5. On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive SummarizationJoshua Maynez, Shashi Narayan, Bernd Bohnet, Ryan T. McDonaldACL 2020 · 54 citations

Related papers

  1. A Token-level Reference-free Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Free-form Text GenerationTianyu Liu, Yizhe Zhang, Chris Brockett, Yi Mao et al.ACL 2022 · 194 citations
  2. CHARP: Conversation History AwaReness Probing for Knowledge-grounded Dialogue SystemsAbbas Ghaddar, David Alfonso-Hermelo, Philippe Langlais, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh et al.ACL Findings 2024 · 1 citation
  3. Post-hoc Utterance Refining Method by Entity Mining for Faithful Knowledge Grounded ConversationsYoonna Jang, Suhyune Son, Jeongwoo Lee, Junyoung Son et al.EMNLP 2023
  4. Hallucination Detection in Long-Form Text Generated by LLMs: A Benchmark and a Hyper-Relational Knowledge Graph ApproachZituo Li, Guangzhou Chen, Jianbin Sun, Qi Song et al.ACL Findings 2026
  5. RefGPT: Dialogue Generation of GPT, by GPT, and for GPTDongjie Yang, Ruifeng Yuan, Yuantao Fan, Yifei Yang et al.EMNLP Findings 2023 · 6 citations
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