Reducing Belief Deviation in Reinforcement Learning for Active Reasoning of LLM Agents

Active reasoning requires large language model (LLM) agents to interact with external sources and strategically gather information to solve problems in multiple turns. Central to this process is belief tracking: maintaining an accurate representation of the underlying state and uncertainty in understanding and solving the problem. However, due to limited reasoning capabilities, LLM-based agents often suffer belief deviation: their internal beliefs drift from the true problem state, leading to loss of state awareness and uninformative or repetitive actions. Once this happens, errors compound in the trajectories used for reinforcement learning (RL), leading to misattributed credits and limited exploration. To address this issue, we propose to track belief deviation and develop T 3 , a simple yet principled method that detects excessive deviation and truncates training trajectories to suppress uninformative tail effects. Hence, T 3 preserves credits for informative prefixes and systematically improves policy optimization. Across 5 challenging tasks, T 3 consistently enhances training stability and yields performance gains of up to 30 points while cutting token cost by up to 34%. These results highlight belief control as a key principle for building robust LLM agents capable of active reasoning. * Why do LLM agents get trapped in active reasoning, and how can we mitigate it? To answer the question, we start by modeling active reasoning as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). Classical POMDP formulations assume perfect belief estimate (e.g.,