Demeaned Sparse: Efficient Anomaly Detection by Residual Estimate

Frequency-domain image anomaly detection methods can substantially enhance anomaly detection performance, however, they still lack an interpretable theoretical framework to guarantee the effectiveness of the detection process. We propose a novel test to detect anomalies in structural image via a Demeaned Fourier transform (DFT) under factor model framework, and we proof its effectiveness. We also briefly give the asymptotic theories of our test, the asymptotic theory explains why the test can detect anomalies at both the image and pixel levels within the theoretical lower bound. Based on our test, we derive a module called Demeaned Fourier Sparse (DFS) that effectively enhances detection performance in unsupervised anomaly detection tasks, which can construct masks in the Fourier domain and utilize a distribution-free sampling method similar to the bootstrap method. The experimental results indicate that this module can accurately and efficiently generate effective masks for reconstruction-based anomaly detection tasks, thereby enhancing the performance of anomaly detection methods and validating the effectiveness of the theoretical framework.