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EMNLP Findings2024

Resilience of Large Language Models for Noisy Instructions

Bin Wang, Chengwei Wei, Zhengyuan Liu, Geyu Lin, Nancy F. Chen

Abstract

As the rapidly advancing domain of natural language processing (NLP), large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for interpreting human commands and generating text across various tasks. Nonetheless, the resilience of LLMs to handle text containing inherent errors, stemming from human interactions and collaborative systems, has not been thoroughly explored. Our study investigates the resilience of LLMs against five common types of disruptions including 1) ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition) errors, 2) OCR (Optical Character Recognition) errors, 3) grammatical mistakes, 4) typographical errors, and 5) distractive content. We aim to investigate how these models react by deliberately embedding these errors into instructions. Our findings reveal that while some LLMs show a degree of resistance to certain types of noise, their overall performance significantly suffers. This emphasizes the importance of further investigation into enhancing model resilience. In response to the observed decline in performance, our study also evaluates a "re-pass" strategy, designed to purify the instructions of noise before the LLMs process them. Our analysis indicates that correcting noisy instructions, particularly for open-source LLMs, presents significant challenges.

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Cited by top-tier papers4

  1. Evaluating Robustness of Large Language Models Against Multilingual Typographical ErrorsRaoyuan Zhao, Yihong Liu, Lena Altinger, Hinrich Schütze et al.ACL 2026 · 6 citations
  2. MedAraBench: Large-scale Arabic Medical Question Answering Dataset and BenchmarkMouath Abu Daoud, Leen Kharouf, Omar El Hajj, Dana El Samad et al.ICLR 2026 · 4 citations
  3. 3DS: Medical Domain Adaptation of LLMs via Decomposed Difficulty-based Data SelectionHongxin Ding, Yue Fang, Runchuan Zhu, Xinke Jiang et al.EMNLP 2025 · 1 citation
  4. CREME: Robustness Enhancement of Code LLMs via Layer-Aware Model EditingShuhan Liu, Xing Hu, Kerui Huang, Xiaohu Yang et al.ICSE 2026

Builds on13

  1. Large Language Models are Zero-Shot ReasonersTakeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 8,168 citations
  2. Measuring Massive Multitask Language UnderstandingDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou et al.ICLR 2021 · 7,905 citations
  3. Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak SupervisionAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Tao Xu, Greg Brockman et al.ICML 2023 · 6,966 citations
  4. Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-ReflectionAkari Asai, Zeqiu Wu, Yizhong Wang, Avirup Sil et al.ICLR 2024 · 1,798 citations
  5. TextBugger: Generating Adversarial Text Against Real-world ApplicationsJinfeng Li, Shouling Ji, Tianyu Du, Bo Li et al.NDSS 2019 · 876 citations

Related papers

  1. Understanding the Ability of LLMs to Handle Character-Level PerturbationAnyuan Zhuo, Xuefei Ning, Ningyuan Li, Jingyi Zhu et al.ICML 2026
  2. On the Resilience of LLM-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration with Faulty AgentsJen-tse Huang, Jiaxu Zhou, Tailin Jin, Xuhui Zhou et al.ICML 2025
  3. LLMs can be easily Confused by Instructional DistractionsYerin Hwang, Yongil Kim, Jahyun Koo, Taegwan Kang et al.ACL 2025
  4. Demystifying the Resilience of Large Language Model Inference: An End-to-End PerspectiveYu Sun, Zachary Coalson, Shiyang Chen, Hang Liu et al.SC 2025 · 9 citations
  5. Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Language Models to Input PerturbationsMilad Moradi, Matthias SamwaldEMNLP 2021 · 64 citations
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