PinPoint: Evaluation of Composed Image Retrieval with Explicit Negatives, Multi-Image Queries, and Paraphrase Testing

Composed Image Retrieval (CIR) has made significant progress, yet current benchmarks are limited to single ground-truth answers and lack the annotations needed to evaluate false positive avoidance, robustness and multiimage reasoning. We present PinPoint, a comprehensive real world benchmark with 7,635 queries and 329K relevance judgments all human verified across 23 query categories. PinPoint advances the field by providing: (1) multiple correct answers (averaging 9.1 per query) (2) explicit hard negatives, (3) six instruction paraphrases per query for robustness testing, (4) multi-image composition support (13.4% of queries), and (5) demographic metadata for fairness evaluation.

Based on our analysis of 20+ methods across 4 different major paradigms, we uncover three significant drawbacks: The best methods while achieving mAP@10 of 28.5%, still retrieves irrelevant results (hard negatives) 9% of the time. The best models also exhibit 25.1% performance variation across paraphrases, indicating significant potential for enhancing current CIR techniques. Multi-image queries performs 40 to 70% worse across different methods. To overcome these new issues uncovered by our evaluation framework, we propose a training-free reranking method based on an off-the-shelf MLLM that can be applied to any existing system to bridge the gap. We release the complete dataset, including all images, queries, annotations, retrieval index, and benchmarking code.