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EMNLP Findings2022

APEACH: Attacking Pejorative Expressions with Analysis on Crowd-Generated Hate Speech Evaluation Datasets

Kichang Yang, Wonjun Jang, Won-Ik Cho

Abstract

In hate speech detection, developing training and evaluation datasets across various domains is the critical issue. Whereas, major approaches crawl social media texts and hire crowd-workers to annotate the data. Following this convention often restricts the scope of pejorative expressions to a single domain lacking generalization. Sometimes domain overlap between training corpus and evaluation set overestimate the prediction performance when pretraining language models on low-data language. To alleviate these problems in Korean, we propose APEACH that asks unspecified users to generate hate speech examples followed by minimal post-labeling. We find that APEACH can collect useful datasets that are less sensitive to the lexical overlaps between the pretraining corpus and the evaluation set, thereby properly measuring the model performance.

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Cited by top-tier papers1

  1. Spanning the Spectrum of Hatred Detection: A Persian Multi-Label Hate Speech Dataset with Annotator RationalesZahra Delbari, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Mohammad Taher PilehvarAAAI 2024 · 11 citations

Builds on2

  1. The Hateful Memes Challenge: Detecting Hate Speech in Multimodal MemesDouwe Kiela, Hamed Firooz, Aravind Mohan, Vedanuj Goswami et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 1,022 citations
  2. ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than GeneratorsKevin Clark, Minh-Thang Luong, Quoc V. Le, Christopher D. ManningICLR 2020 · 541 citations

Related papers

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  2. NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative DataManuel Tonneau, Pedro Vitor Quinta de Castro, Karim Lasri, Ibrahim Farouq et al.ACL 2024
  3. Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced LanguagesPaul Röttger, Debora Nozza, Federico Bianchi, Dirk HovyEMNLP 2022 · 16 citations
  4. HateDay: Insights from a Global Hate Speech Dataset Representative of a Day on TwitterManuel Tonneau, Diyi Liu, Niyati Malhotra, Scott A. Hale et al.ACL 2025 · 12 citations
  5. K-HATERS: A Hate Speech Detection Corpus in Korean with Target-Specific RatingsChaewon Park, Soohwan Kim, Kyubyong Park, Kunwoo ParkEMNLP Findings 2023 · 5 citations
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