ACL Findings2026
CE-RM: A Pointwise Generative Reward Model Optimized via Two-Stage Rollout and Unified Criteria
Xinyu Hu, Yancheng He, Weixun Wang, Tao Feng, Li Lin, Jiashun Liu, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng, Xiaojun Wan
Abstract
Automatic evaluation is crucial yet challenging for open-ended natural language generation, especially when rule-based metrics are infeasible. Compared with traditional methods, the recent LLM-as-a-Judge paradigms enable better and more flexible evaluation, and show promise as generative reward models for reinforcement learning. However, prior work has revealed a notable gap between their seemingly impressive benchmark performance and actual effectiveness in RL practice. We attribute this issue to some limitations in existing studies, including the dominance of pairwise evaluation and inadequate optimization of evaluation criteria. Therefore, we propose CE-RM-4B, a pointwise generative reward model trained with a dedicated two-stage rollout method, and adopting unified query-based criteria. Using only about 5.7K high-quality data curated from the open-source preference dataset, our CE-RM-4B achieves superior performance on diverse reward model benchmarks, especially in Bestof-N scenarios, and delivers more effective improvements in downstream RL practice.
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Builds on17
- Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward ModelRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D. Manning et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 10,924 citations
- Let's Verify Step by StepHunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards et al.ICLR 2024 · 3,045 citations
- BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text GenerationWeizhe Yuan, Graham Neubig, Pengfei LiuNeurIPS 2021 · 1,143 citations
- RM-R1: Reward Modeling as ReasoningXiusi Chen, Gaotang Li, Ziqi Wang, Bowen Jin et al.ICLR 2026 · 147 citations
- RewardBench 2: Advancing Reward Model EvaluationSaumya Malik, Valentina Pyatkin, Sander Land, Jacob Morrison et al.ICLR 2026 · 139 citations
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