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EMNLP Findings2023

Improving Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings with Focal InfoNCE

Pengyue Hou, Xingyu Li

Abstract

The recent success of SimCSE has greatly advanced state-of-the-art sentence representations.However, the original formulation of SimCSE does not fully exploit the potential of hard negative samples in contrastive learning.This study introduces an unsupervised contrastive learning framework that combines SimCSE with hard negative mining, aiming to enhance the quality of sentence embeddings.The proposed focal-InfoNCE function introduces self-paced modulation terms in the contrastive objective, downweighting the loss associated with easy negatives and encouraging the model focusing on hard negatives.Experimentation on various STS benchmarks shows that our method improves sentence embeddings in terms of Spearman's correlation and representation alignment and uniformity.Our code is available at: https://github.com/puerrrr/ Focal-InfoNCE.

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Cited by top-tier papers3

  1. U-MARVEL: Unveiling Key Factors for Universal Multimodal Retrieval via Embedding Learning with MLLMsXiaojie Li, Chu Li, Shi-Zhe Chen, Xi ChenICLR 2026 · 10 citations
  2. Future Sight and Tough Fights: Revolutionizing Sequential Recommendation with FENRecYu-Hsuan Huang, Ling Lo, Hongxia Xie, Hong-Han Shuai et al.AAAI 2025 · 4 citations
  3. HOBIT: Hardness Optimized Batch Sampling for InfoNCE TrainingHimanshu Dutta, Lokesh Nagalapatti, Yashoteja PrabhuICML 2026

Builds on11

  1. A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual RepresentationsTing Chen, Simon Kornblith, Mohammad Norouzi, Geoffrey E. HintonICML 2020 · 24,064 citations
  2. Supervised Contrastive LearningPrannay Khosla, Piotr Teterwak, Chen Wang, Aaron Sarna et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 7,049 citations
  3. SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence EmbeddingsTianyu Gao, Xingcheng Yao, Danqi ChenEMNLP 2021 · 2,496 citations
  4. Understanding Contrastive Representation Learning through Alignment and Uniformity on the HypersphereTongzhou Wang, Phillip IsolaICML 2020 · 2,360 citations
  5. Contrastive Learning with Hard Negative SamplesJoshua David Robinson, Ching-Yao Chuang, Suvrit Sra, Stefanie JegelkaICLR 2021 · 999 citations

Related papers

  1. InfoCSE: Information-aggregated Contrastive Learning of Sentence EmbeddingsXing Wu, Chaochen Gao, Zijia Lin, Jizhong Han et al.EMNLP Findings 2022 · 24 citations
  2. Unsupervised Sentence Representation via Contrastive Learning with Mixing NegativesYanzhao Zhang, Richong Zhang, Samuel Mensah, Xudong Liu et al.AAAI 2022 · 71 citations
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