OSPO: Object-Centric Self-Improving Preference Optimization for Text-to-Image Generation

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled unified multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still struggle with fine-grained text–image alignment, often failing to faithfully depict objects with correct attributes such as color, shape, and spatial relations. To mitigate this issue, previous studies have explored preference optimization methods such as DPO and GRPO, but these approaches incur substantial computational cost, both in constructing preference data and in performing optimization. This has motivated self-improving preference optimization approaches, in which the MLLM autonomously generates its own training data, self-estimates preference feedback, and self-optimizes using the resulting self-constructed preference pairs. However, existing self-improving methods still overlook fine-grained, object-level semantics, allowing object hallucination to persist. To tackle this problem, we propose $\underline{\text{O}}$bject-centric $\underline{\text{S}}$elf-improving $\underline{\text{P}}$reference $\underline{\text{O}}$ptimization (OSPO), a self-improving framework designed to enhance object-level text–image alignment. OSPO explicitly constructs object-centric preference data without relying on any external data and external models. We also introduce a new approach that leverages attention-based object masks together with an object-weighted SimPO loss to enhance object-specific fidelity. Extensive experiments on three compositional image generation benchmarks demonstrate that OSPO significantly improves fine-grained alignment and reduces object hallucination, outperforming prior self-improving methods and even specialized diffusion-based text-to-image models.