Algorithmic Concept-Based Explainable Reasoning

Recent research on graph neural network (GNN) models successfully applied GNNs to classical graph algorithms and combinatorial optimisation problems. This has numerous benefits, such as allowing applications of algorithms when preconditions are not satisfied, or reusing learned models when sufficient training data is not available or can't be generated. Unfortunately, a key hindrance of these approaches is their lack of explainability, since GNNs are black-box models that cannot be interpreted directly. In this work, we address this limitation by applying existing work on concept-based explanations to GNN models. We introduce conceptbottleneck GNNs, which rely on a modification to the GNN readout mechanism. Using three case studies we demonstrate that: (i) our proposed model is capable of accurately learning concepts and extracting propositional formulas based on the learned concepts for each target class; (ii) our concept-based GNN models achieve comparative performance with state-of-the-art models; (iii) we can derive global graph concepts, without explicitly providing any supervision on graph-level concepts. Recent work on Explainable AI (XAI) introduced a novel type of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) explanation approach, referred to as concept-based explainability (Koh et al., 2020; Kazhdan et al., 2020b; Ghorbani et al., 2019; Kazhdan et al., 2021) . Concept-based explanation approaches Preprint. Under review.