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EMNLP Findings2021

GPT3Mix: Leveraging Large-scale Language Models for Text Augmentation

Kang Min Yoo, Dongju Park, Jaewook Kang, Sang-Woo Lee, Woo-Myoung Park

Abstract

Large-scale language models such as GPT-3 are excellent few-shot learners, allowing them to be controlled via natural text prompts. Recent studies report that prompt-based direct classification eliminates the need for finetuning but lacks data and inference scalability. This paper proposes a novel data augmentation technique that leverages large-scale language models to generate realistic text samples from a mixture of real samples. We also propose utilizing soft-labels predicted by the language models, effectively distilling knowledge from the large-scale language models and creating textual perturbations simultaneously. We perform data augmentation experiments on diverse classification tasks and show that our method hugely outperforms existing text augmentation methods. We also conduct experiments on our newly proposed benchmark to show that the augmentation effect is not only attributed to memorization. Further ablation studies and a qualitative analysis provide more insights into our approach.

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Cited by top-tier papers46

  1. Generating Training Data with Language Models: Towards Zero-Shot Language UnderstandingYu Meng, Jiaxin Huang, Yu Zhang, Jiawei HanNeurIPS 2022 · 309 citations
  2. Large Language Models Can Self-ImproveJiaxin Huang, Shixiang Gu, Le Hou, Yuexin Wu et al.EMNLP 2023 · 184 citations
  3. Large Language Models for Data Annotation and Synthesis: A SurveyZhen Tan, Dawei Li, Song Wang, Alimohammad Beigi et al.EMNLP 2024 · 119 citations
  4. Synthetic Data Generation with Large Language Models for Text Classification: Potential and LimitationsZhuoyan Li, Hangxiao Zhu, Zhuoran Lu, Ming YinEMNLP 2023 · 102 citations
  5. Large Language Models Are Reasoning TeachersNamgyu Ho, Laura Schmid, Se-Young YunACL 2023 · 102 citations

Builds on10

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
  2. The Curious Case of Neural Text DegenerationAri Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes et al.ICLR 2020 · 4,112 citations
  3. Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency TrainingQizhe Xie, Zihang Dai, Eduard H. Hovy, Thang Luong et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 2,774 citations
  4. Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-shot Performance of Language ModelsZihao Zhao, Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Dan Klein et al.ICML 2021 · 1,843 citations
  5. AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated PromptsTaylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L. Logan IV, Eric Wallace et al.EMNLP 2020 · 1,162 citations

Related papers

  1. PromptMix: A Class Boundary Augmentation Method for Large Language Model DistillationGaurav Sahu, Olga Vechtomova, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Issam H. LaradjiEMNLP 2023 · 11 citations
  2. Mixture of Soft Prompts for Controllable Data GenerationDerek Chen, Celine Lee, Yunan Lu, Domenic Rosati et al.EMNLP Findings 2023 · 8 citations
  3. Want To Reduce Labeling Cost? GPT-3 Can HelpShuohang Wang, Yang Liu, Yichong Xu, Chenguang Zhu et al.EMNLP Findings 2021 · 177 citations
  4. Do Not Have Enough Data? Deep Learning to the Rescue!Ateret Anaby-Tavor, Boaz Carmeli, Esther Goldbraich, Amir Kantor et al.AAAI 2020 · 398 citations
  5. Use Random Selection for Now: Investigation of Few-Shot Selection Strategies in LLM-based Text AugmentationJán Cegin, Branislav Pecher, Jakub Simko, Ivan Srba et al.EMNLP Findings 2025
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