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EMNLP Findings2023

The Law and NLP: Bridging Disciplinary Disconnects

Robert Mahari, Dominik Stammbach, Elliott Ash, Alex Pentland

Abstract

Legal practice is intrinsically rooted in the fabric of language, yet legal practitioners and scholars have been slow to adopt tools from natural language processing (NLP). At the same time, the legal system is experiencing an access to justice crisis, which could be partially alleviated with NLP. In this position paper, we argue that the slow uptake of NLP in legal practice is exacerbated by a disconnect between the needs of the legal community and the focus of NLP researchers. In a review of recent trends in the legal NLP literature, we find limited overlap between the legal NLP community and legal academia. Our interpretation is that some of the most popular legal NLP tasks fail to address the needs of legal practitioners. We discuss examples of legal NLP tasks that promise to bridge disciplinary disconnects and highlight interesting areas for legal NLP research that remain underexplored.

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Cited by top-tier papers3

  1. LEXam: Benchmarking Legal Reasoning on 340 Law ExamsYu Fan, Jingwei Ni, Jakob Merane, Yang Tian et al.ICLR 2026 · 56 citations
  2. Leveraging Large Language Models for Learning Complex Legal Concepts through StorytellingHang Jiang, Xiajie Zhang, Robert Mahari, Daniel T. Kessler et al.ACL 2024 · 12 citations
  3. LePaRD: A Large-Scale Dataset of Judicial Citations to PrecedentRobert Mahari, Dominik Stammbach, Elliott Ash, Alex PentlandACL 2024 · 1 citation

Builds on5

  1. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP TasksPatrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 19,162 citations
  2. Improving Language Models by Retrieving from Trillions of TokensSebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Jordan Hoffmann, Trevor Cai et al.ICML 2022 · 1,629 citations
  3. How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial IntelligenceHaoxi Zhong, Chaojun Xiao, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang et al.ACL 2020 · 316 citations
  4. On the Ethical Limits of Natural Language Processing on Legal TextDimitrios Tsarapatsanis, Nikolaos AletrasACL Findings 2021 · 29 citations
  5. LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in EnglishIlias Chalkidis, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, Michael J. Bommarito II et al.ACL 2022

Related papers

  1. Legal Judgment Prediction: A Reflection on the State of the ArtYi Feng, Chuanyi Li, Vincent NgACL 2026
  2. NLP Needs Diversity outside of 'Diversity'Joshua TintEMNLP Findings 2025
  3. Understanding the Gap: an Analysis of Research Collaborations in NLP and Language DocumentationLuke Gessler, Alexis Palmer, Katharina von der WenseACL Findings 2025
  4. LEGAL-BERT: "Preparing the Muppets for Court'"Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, Prodromos Malakasiotis, Nikolaos Aletras et al.EMNLP Findings 2020 · 1,073 citations
  5. On the Gap between Adoption and Understanding in NLPFederico Bianchi, Dirk HovyACL Findings 2021 · 25 citations
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