"Creepy Towards My Avatar Body, Creepy Towards My Body": How Women Experience and Manage Harassment Risks in Social Virtual Reality
Kelsea Schulenberg, Guo Freeman, Lingyuan Li, Catherine Barwulor
Abstract
Online harassment against women - particularly in gaming and virtual worlds contexts - remains a salient and pervasive issue, and arguably reflects the systems of offline structural oppression to control women's bodies and rights in today's world. Harassment in social Virtual Reality (VR) is also a growing new frontier of research in HCI and CSCW, particularly focusing on marginalized users such as women. Based on interviews with 31 women users of social VR, our findings present women's experiences of harassment risks in social VR as compared to harassment targeting women in pre-existing, on-screen online gaming and virtual worlds, along with strategies women employ to manage harassment in social VR with varying degrees of success. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on harassment in social VR by highlighting how women's marginalization online and offline impact their perceptions of and strategies to mitigate harassment in this unique space. It also provides a critical reflection on women's mitigation strategies and proposes important implications to rethink social VR design to better prevent harassment against women and other marginalized communities in the future metaverse.
Ask about this paper
Ask your agent about it.
Lune has read the top-tier papers around this one, so every answer names the papers it rests on.
Cited by top-tier papers14
- "I Got Flagged for Supposed Bullying, Even Though It Was in Response to Someone Harassing Me About My Disability.": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Content Moderation ExperiencesYao Lyu, Jie Cai, Anisa Callis, Kelley Cotter et al.CHI 2024 · 25 citations
- Predicting and Understanding Turn-Taking Behavior in Open-Ended Group Activities in Virtual RealityPortia Wang, Eugy Han, Anna C. M. Queiroz, Cyan DeVeaux et al.CSCW 2025 · 13 citations
- Springboard, Roadblock or "Crutch"?: How Transgender Users Leverage Voice Changers for Gender Presentation in Social Virtual RealityKassie Povinelli, Yuhang ZhaoIEEE VR 2024 · 12 citations
- Beyond Mute and Block: Adoption and Effectiveness of Safety Tools in Social VR, from Ubiquitous Harassment to Social SculptingMaheshya Weerasinghe, Shaun Alexander Macdonald, Cristina Fiani, Joseph O'Hagan et al.IEEE VR 2025 · 12 citations
- Mirror Dwellers in Social VR: Investigating Reasons and Perception of Mirror WatchingQijia Chen, Andrea Bellucci, Giulio JacucciCSCW 2025 · 11 citations
Related papers
- Disturbing the Peace: Experiencing and Mitigating Emerging Harassment in Social Virtual RealityGuo Freeman, Samaneh Zamanifard, Divine Maloney, Dane AcenaCSCW 2022 · 163 citations
- "I Have Abused Someone Who Abused Me": Understanding People Who Have Experienced Both Sides of Harassment Accusations in Social VRGuo Freeman, Lingyuan Li, Kelsea SchulenbergCSCW 2025 · 8 citations
- Does Who You Are or Appear to Be Matter?: Understanding Identity-Based Harassment in Social VR Through the Lens of (Mis)Perceived Identity RevelationKelsea Schulenberg, Guo Freeman, Lingyuan Li, Bart Piet KnijnenburgCSCW 2024 · 23 citations
- Towards Leveraging AI-based Moderation to Address Emergent Harassment in Social Virtual RealityKelsea Schulenberg, Lingyuan Li, Guo Freeman, Samaneh Zamanifard et al.CHI 2023 · 46 citations
- Avatar Appearance and Behavior of Potential Harassers Affect Users' Perceptions and Response Strategies in Social Virtual Reality (VR): A Mixed-Methods StudyXuetong Wang, Ziyan Wang, Mingmin Zhang, Kangyou Yu et al.CSCW 2024 · 9 citations
