Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges
Bolei Ma, Yuting Li, Wei Zhou, Ziwei Gong, Yang Janet Liu, Katja Jasinskaja, Annemarie Friedrich, Julia Hirschberg, Frauke Kreuter, Barbara Plank
Abstract
Understanding pragmatics-the use of language in context-is crucial for developing NLP systems capable of interpreting nuanced language use. Despite recent advances in language technologies, including large language models, evaluating their ability to handle pragmatic phenomena such as implicatures and references remains challenging. To advance pragmatic abilities in models, it is essential to understand current evaluation trends and identify existing limitations. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of resources designed for evaluating pragmatic capabilities in NLP, categorizing datasets by the pragmatic phenomena they address. We analyze task designs, data collection methods, evaluation approaches, and their relevance to real-world applications. By examining these resources in the context of modern language models, we highlight emerging trends, challenges, and gaps in existing benchmarks. Our survey aims to clarify the landscape of pragmatic evaluation and guide the development of more comprehensive and targeted benchmarks, ultimately contributing to more nuanced and context-aware NLP models.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Cited by top-tier papers3
- On Emergent Social World Models - Evidence for Functional Integration of Theory of Mind and Pragmatic Reasoning in Language ModelsPolina Tsvilodub, Jan-Felix Klumpp, Amir Pour, Jennifer Hu et al.ACL 2026 · 1 citation
- DRInQ: Evaluating Conversational Implicature with Controlled Context VariationHirona Jacqueline Arai, Xiang RenACL 2026
- Disco-RAG: Discourse-Aware Retrieval-Augmented GenerationDongqi Liu, Hang Ding, Qiming Feng, Xurong Xie et al.ACL 2026
Builds on20
- Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?Shibani Santurkar, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Cinoo Lee et al.ICML 2023 · 764 citations
- Toward a Perspectivist Turn in Ground Truthing for Predictive ComputingFederico Cabitza, Andrea Campagner, Valerio BasileAAAI 2023 · 236 citations
- AmbigQA: Answering Ambiguous Open-domain QuestionsSewon Min, Julian Michael, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke ZettlemoyerEMNLP 2020 · 162 citations
- Human-LLM Collaborative Annotation Through Effective Verification of LLM LabelsXinru Wang, Hannah Kim, Sajjadur Rahman, Kushan Mitra et al.CHI 2024 · 127 citations
- Large Language Models for Data Annotation and Synthesis: A SurveyZhen Tan, Dawei Li, Song Wang, Alimohammad Beigi et al.EMNLP 2024 · 119 citations
Related papers
- A fine-grained comparison of pragmatic language understanding in humans and language modelsJennifer Hu, Sammy Floyd, Olessia Jouravlev, Evelina Fedorenko et al.ACL 2023 · 45 citations
- LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in EnglishIlias Chalkidis, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, Michael J. Bommarito II et al.ACL 2022
- Revisiting a Pain in the Neck: A Semantic Reasoning Benchmark for Language ModelsYang Liu, Hongming Li, Melissa Xiaohui Qin, Chao Huang et al.ACL 2026
- The Goldilocks of Pragmatic Understanding: Fine-Tuning Strategy Matters for Implicature Resolution by LLMsLaura Ruis, Akbir Khan, Stella Biderman, Sara Hooker et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 87 citations
- Unveiling the Limits of Large Language Models in Inferring Pragmatic Meaning from Non-Verbal ResponsesSugyeong Eo, Heuiseok LimACL 2026
