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EMNLP Findings2021

CDLM: Cross-Document Language Modeling

Avi Caciularu, Arman Cohan, Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, Arie Cattan, Ido Dagan

Abstract

We introduce a new pretraining approach geared for multi-document language modeling, incorporating two key ideas into the masked language modeling self-supervised objective. First, instead of considering documents in isolation, we pretrain over sets of multiple related documents, encouraging the model to learn cross-document relationships. Second, we improve over recent long-range transformers by introducing dynamic global attention that has access to the entire input to predict masked tokens. We release CDLM (Cross-Document Language Model), a new general language model for multi-document setting that can be easily applied to downstream tasks. Our extensive analysis shows that both ideas are essential for the success of CDLM, and work in synergy to set new state-of-the-art results for several multi-text tasks. 1 * Work partly done as an intern at AI2.

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the full paper · 17 top-tier papers that cite it · related work

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Cited by top-tier papers17

  1. PRIMERA: Pyramid-based Masked Sentence Pre-training for Multi-document SummarizationWen Xiao, Iz Beltagy, Giuseppe Carenini, Arman CohanACL 2022 · 147 citations
  2. In-Context Pretraining: Language Modeling Beyond Document BoundariesWeijia Shi, Sewon Min, Maria Lomeli, Chunting Zhou et al.ICLR 2024 · 87 citations
  3. MDCure: A Scalable Pipeline for Multi-Document Instruction-FollowingGabrielle Kaili-May Liu, Bowen Shi, Avi Caciularu, Idan Szpektor et al.ACL 2025 · 13 citations
  4. Synergetic Event Understanding: A Collaborative Approach to Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolution with Large Language ModelsQingkai Min, Qipeng Guo, Xiangkun Hu, Songfang Huang et al.ACL 2024 · 11 citations
  5. Peek Across: Improving Multi-Document Modeling via Cross-Document Question-AnsweringAvi Caciularu, Matthew E. Peters, Jacob Goldberger, Ido Dagan et al.ACL 2023 · 8 citations

Builds on13

  1. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP TasksPatrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 19,162 citations
  2. Big Bird: Transformers for Longer SequencesManzil Zaheer, Guru Guruganesh, Kumar Avinava Dubey, Joshua Ainslie et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 3,159 citations
  3. Retrieval Augmented Language Model Pre-TrainingKelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat et al.ICML 2020 · 2,937 citations
  4. Long Range Arena : A Benchmark for Efficient TransformersYi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Samira Abnar, Yikang Shen et al.ICLR 2021 · 881 citations
  5. S2ORC: The Semantic Scholar Open Research CorpusKyle Lo, Lucy Lu Wang, Mark Neumann, Rodney Kinney et al.ACL 2020 · 424 citations

Related papers

  1. A Hierarchical Encoding-Decoding Scheme for Abstractive Multi-document SummarizationChenhui Shen, Liying Cheng, Xuan-Phi Nguyen, Yang You et al.EMNLP Findings 2023 · 18 citations
  2. SelfDoc: Self-Supervised Document Representation LearningPeizhao Li, Jiuxiang Gu, Jason Kuen, Vlad I. Morariu et al.CVPR 2021
  3. LinkBERT: Pretraining Language Models with Document LinksMichihiro Yasunaga, Jure Leskovec, Percy LiangACL 2022 · 463 citations
  4. UniDoc: Unified Pretraining Framework for Document UnderstandingJiuxiang Gu, Jason Kuen, Vlad I. Morariu, Handong Zhao et al.NeurIPS 2021 · 118 citations
  5. Modeling Sequential Sentence Relation to Improve Cross-lingual Dense RetrievalShunyu Zhang, Yaobo Liang, Ming Gong, Daxin Jiang et al.ICLR 2023 · 1 citation
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