EMNLP Findings2024
Enhancing Tool Retrieval with Iterative Feedback from Large Language Models
Qiancheng Xu, Yongqi Li, Heming Xia, Wenjie Li
Abstract
Tool learning aims to enhance and expand large language models' (LLMs) capabilities with external tools, which has gained significant attention recently. Current methods have shown that LLMs can effectively handle a certain amount of tools through in-context learning or finetuning. However, in real-world scenarios, the number of tools is typically extensive and irregularly updated, emphasizing the necessity for a dedicated tool retrieval component. Tool retrieval is nontrivial due to the following challenges: 1) complex user instructions and tool descriptions; 2) misalignment between tool retrieval and tool usage models. To address the above issues, we propose to enhance tool retrieval with iterative feedback from the large language model. Specifically, we prompt the tool usage model, i.e., the LLM, to provide feedback for the tool retriever model in multiround, which could progressively improve the tool retriever's understanding of instructions and tools and reduce the gap between the two standalone components. We build a unified and comprehensive benchmark to evaluate tool retrieval models. The extensive experiments indicate that our proposed approach achieves advanced performance in both in-domain evaluation and out-of-domain evaluation 1 .
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Cited by top-tier papers7
- LoSemB: Logic-Guided Semantic Bridging for Inductive Tool RetrievalLuyao Zhuang, Qinggang Zhang, Huachi Zhou, Yujing Zhang et al.WWW 2026 · 2 citations
- To Search or Not to Search: Aligning the Decision Boundary of Deep Search Agents via Causal InterventionWenlin Zhang, Kuicai Dong, Junyi Li, Yingyi Zhang et al.WWW 2026 · 1 citation
- ToolWeaver: Weaving Collaborative Semantics for Scalable Tool Use in Large Language ModelsBowen Fang, Wen Ye, Yunyue Su, Jinghao Zhang et al.ICLR 2026
- AIR: Complex Instruction Generation via Automatic Iterative RefinementWei Liu, Yancheng He, Yu Li, Hui Huang et al.EMNLP 2025
- ToolOmni: Enabling Open-World Tool Use via Agentic learning with Proactive Retrieval and Grounded ExecutionShouzheng Huang, Meishan Zhang, Baotian Hu, Min ZhangACL 2026
Builds on14
- Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use ToolsTimo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 5,989 citations
- Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-FeedbackAman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 4,972 citations
- Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-ReflectionAkari Asai, Zeqiu Wu, Yizhong Wang, Avirup Sil et al.ICLR 2024 · 1,798 citations
- HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging FaceYongliang Shen, Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Dongsheng Li et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 1,778 citations
- Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIsShishir G. Patil, Tianjun Zhang, Xin Wang, Joseph E. GonzalezNeurIPS 2024 · 1,715 citations
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- From Exploration to Mastery: Enabling LLMs to Master Tools via Self-Driven InteractionsChangle Qu, Sunhao Dai, Xiaochi Wei, Hengyi Cai et al.ICLR 2025
- ToolACE-R: Model-aware Iterative Training and Adaptive Refinement for Tool learningXingshan Zeng, Weiwen Liu, Xu Huang, Zezhong Wang et al.AAAI 2026 · 3 citations
- Toolscaler: Scalable Generative Tool Calling via Structure-Aware Semantic TokenizationYunyue Su, Zhang Jinshuai, Bowen Fang, Wen Ye et al.EMNLP Findings 2025
- PEToolLLM: Towards Personalized Tool Learning in Large Language ModelsQiancheng Xu, Yongqi Li, Heming Xia, Fan Liu et al.ACL Findings 2025
