Visual Agents as Fast and Slow Thinkers

Achieving human-level intelligence requires refining cognitive distinctions between System 1 and System 2 thinking. While contemporary AI, driven by large language models, demonstrates human-like traits, it falls short of genuine cognition. Transitioning from structured benchmarks to real-world scenarios presents challenges for visual agents, often leading to inaccurate and overly confident responses. To address the challenge, we introduce FAST, which incorporates the Fast and Slow Thinking mechanism into visual agents. FAST employs a switch adapter to dynamically select between System 1/2 modes, tailoring the problem-solving approach to different task complexity. It tackles uncertain and unseen objects by adjusting model confidence and integrating new contextual data. With this novel design, we advocate a flexible system, hierarchical reasoning capabilities, and a transparent decision-making pipeline, all of which contribute to its ability to emulate humanlike cognitive processes in visual intelligence. Empirical results demonstrate that FAST outperforms various well-known baselines, achieving 80.8% accuracy over V QA v2 for visual question answering and 48.7% GIoU score over ReasonSeg for reasoning segmentation, demonstrate FAST's superior performance. Extensive testing validates the efficacy and robustness of FAST's core components, showcasing its potential to advance the development of cognitive visual agents in AI systems. Related Work LLM as Visual Agents. With the capabilities that LLMs have demonstrated in language understanding and generation [13, [30] [31] [32] [33] , the research community has progressed to explore how LLMs can be enhanced with vision input for multimodal tasks as visual agents [11, 25, 26, [34] [35] [36] [37] . There are two