Join Me Here if You Will: Investigating Embodiment and Politeness Behaviors When Joining Small Groups of Humans, Robots, and Virtual Characters

Politeness and embodiment are pivotal elements in human-agent interactions. While many previous works advocate the positive role of embodiment in enhancing these interactions, it remains unclear how embodiment and politeness affect individuals joining groups. In this paper, we explore how politeness behaviors (verbal and nonverbal) exhibited by three distinct embodiments (humans, robots, and virtual characters) influence individuals’ decisions to join a group of two agents in a controlled experiment (N=54). We assessed agent effectiveness regarding persuasiveness, perceived politeness, and participants’ trajectories when joining the group. We found that embodiment does not significantly impact agent persuasiveness and perceived politeness, but politeness does. Direct and explicit politeness strategies have a higher success rate in persuading participants to join the group at the furthest side. Lastly, participants adhered to social norms when joining at the furthest side, maintained a greater physical distance from humans, chose longer paths, and walked faster when interacting with humans.