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EMNLP Findings2020

iNLPSuite: Monolingual Corpora, Evaluation Benchmarks and Pre-trained Multilingual Language Models for Indian Languages

Divyanshu Kakwani, Anoop Kunchukuttan, Satish Golla, Gokul N. C., Avik Bhattacharyya, Mitesh M. Khapra, Pratyush Kumar

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce NLP resources for 11 major Indian languages from two major language families. These resources include: (a) large-scale sentence-level monolingual corpora, (b) pre-trained word embeddings, (c) pre-trained language models, and (d) multiple NLU evaluation datasets (IndicGLUE benchmark). The monolingual corpora contains a total of 8.8 billion tokens across all 11 languages and Indian English, primarily sourced from news crawls. The word embeddings are based on FastText, hence suitable for handling morphological complexity of Indian languages. The pre-trained language models are based on the compact ALBERT model. Lastly, we compile the IndicGLUE benchmark for Indian language NLU. To this end, we create datasets for the following tasks: Article Genre Classification, Headline Prediction, Wikipedia Section-Title Prediction, Cloze-style Multiple choice QA, Winograd NLI and COPA. We also include publicly available datasets for some Indic languages for tasks like Named Entity Recognition, Cross-lingual Sentence Retrieval, Paraphrase detection, etc. Our embeddings are competitive or better than existing pre-trained embeddings on multiple tasks. We hope that the availability of the dataset will accelerate Indic NLP research which has the potential to impact more than a billion people. It can also help the community in evaluating advances in NLP over a more diverse pool of languages. The data and models are available at https: //indicnlp.ai4bharat.org.

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Cited by top-tier papers17

  1. Towards Building ASR Systems for the Next Billion UsersTahir Javed, Sumanth Doddapaneni, Abhigyan Raman, Kaushal Santosh Bhogale et al.AAAI 2022 · 86 citations
  2. Towards Leaving No Indic Language Behind: Building Monolingual Corpora, Benchmark and Models for Indic LanguagesSumanth Doddapaneni, Rahul Aralikatte, Gowtham Ramesh, Shreya Goyal et al.ACL 2023 · 41 citations
  3. Improving Low-Resource Languages in Pre-Trained Multilingual Language ModelsViktor Hangya, Hossain Shaikh Saadi, Alexander FraserEMNLP 2022 · 17 citations
  4. XTREME-R: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual EvaluationSebastian Ruder, Noah Constant, Jan A. Botha, Aditya Siddhant et al.EMNLP 2021 · 10 citations
  5. Sinhala Encoder-only Language Models and EvaluationTharindu Ranasinghe, Hansi Hettiarachchi, Nadeesha Chathurangi Naradde Vidana Pathirana, Damith Premasiri et al.ACL 2025 · 5 citations

Builds on2

  1. ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language RepresentationsZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel et al.ICLR 2020 · 7,418 citations
  2. Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at ScaleAlexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary et al.ACL 2020 · 539 citations

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