Balanced Multi-Factor In-Context Learning for Multilingual Large Language Models

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs) are able to leverage in-context learning (ICL) to achieve high performance by leveraging crosslingual knowledge transfer without parameter updates.However, their effectiveness is highly sensitive to example selection, particularly in multilingual settings.Based on the findings of existing work, three key factors influence multilingual ICL: (1) semantic similarity, (2) linguistic alignment, and (3) language-specific performance.However, existing approaches address these factors independently, without explicitly disentangling their combined impact, leaving optimal example selection underexplored.To address this gap, we propose balanced multi-factor ICL (BMF-ICL), a method that quantifies and optimally balances these factors for improved example selection.Experiments on mCSQA and TYDI across four MLLMs demonstrate that BMF-ICL outperforms existing methods.Further analysis highlights the importance of incorporating all three factors and the importance of selecting examples from multiple languages.6 https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/ Llama-4-Maverick-17B-128E-Instruct 7 https://huggingface.co/CohereForAI/aya-23-8B 8 https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/v4. 37.0/en/tasks/prompting 9 The results for 2, 4, and 16 are presented in Appendix E Prompt for TYDIAnswer the question using the context.