Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetwork

Personalized large language models (LLMs) tailor content to individual preferences using user profiles or histories. However, existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, such as the "One-PEFT-Per-User" (OPPU) paradigm, require training a separate adapter for each user, making them computationally expensive and impractical for real-time updates. We introduce Profile-to-PEFT, a scalable framework that employs a hypernetwork, trained end-to-end, to map a user's encoded profile directly to a full set of adapter parameters (e.g., LoRA), eliminating per-user training at deployment. This design enables instant adaptation, generalization to unseen users, and privacy-preserving local deployment. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms both prompt-based personalization and OPPU while using substantially fewer computational resources at deployment. The framework exhibits strong generalization to outof-distribution users and maintains robustness across varying user activity levels and different embedding backbones. The proposed Profileto-PEFT framework enables efficient, scalable, and adaptive LLM personalization suitable for large-scale applications. Our implementation is available at https://zhaoxuan.info/p2p. github.io/ .