InterpGNN: Understand and Improve Generalization Ability of Transdutive GNNs through the Lens of Interplay between Train and Test Nodes

Transductive node prediction has been a popular learning setting in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). It has been widely observed that the shortage of information flow between the distant nodes and out-of-batch nodes (for large-scale graphs) often hurt the generalization of GNNs which overwhelmingly adopt messagepassing. Yet there is still no formal and direct theoretical results to quantitatively capture the underlying mechanism, despite the recent advance in both theoretical and empirical studies for GNN's generalization ability. In this paper, the L-hop interplay (i.e., message passing capability with training nodes) for an L-layer GNN is successfully incorporated in our derived PAC-Bayesian bound for GNNs in the semi-supervised transductive setting. In other words, we quantitatively show how the interplay between training and testing sets influence the generalization ability which also partly explains the effectiveness of some existing empirical methods for enhancing generalization. Based on this result, we further design a plug-andplay Graph Global Workspace module for GNNs (InterpGNN-GW) to enhance the interplay, utilizing the key-value attention mechanism to summarize crucial nodes' embeddings into memory and broadcast the memory to all nodes, in contrast to the pairwise attention scheme in previous graph transformers. Extensive experiments on both small-scale and large-scale graph datasets validate the effectiveness of our theory and approaches.