Thyme: Think Beyond Images

Following OpenAI's introduction of the "thinking with images" concept, recent efforts have explored stimulating the use of visual information in the reasoning process to enhance model performance in perception and reasoning tasks. However, to the best of our knowledge, no open-source work currently offers a feature set as rich as proprietary models (OpenAI O3 (OpenAI, 2025)), which can perform diverse image manipulations and simultaneously enhance logical reasoning capabilities through code. In this paper, we make a preliminary attempt in this direction by introducing Thyme (Think Beyond Images), a novel paradigm for enabling multimodal large language models to transcend existing "think with images" approaches by autonomously generating and executing diverse image processing and computational operations via executable code (Figure 2 ). This approach not only facilitates a rich, on-the-fly set of image manipulations (e.g., cropping, rotation, contrast enhancement), but also allows for mathematical computations, all while maintaining high autonomy in deciding when and how to apply these operations. We activate this capability through a two-stage training strategy: an initial Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on a curated dataset of 500K samples to teach code generation, followed by a Reinforcement Learning (RL) phase to refine decision-making. For the RL stage, we manually collect and design high-resolution question-answer pairs to increase the learning difficulty, and we propose GRPO-ATS (Group Relative Policy Optimization with Adaptive Temperature Sampling), an algorithm that applies distinct temperatures to text and code generation to balance reasoning exploration with code execution precision. We conduct extensive experimental analysis and ablation studies. As shown in Figure 1 , comprehensive evaluations on nearly 20 benchmarks show that Thyme yields significant and consistent performance gains, particularly in challenging high-resolution perception and complex reasoning tasks. We release our datasets, sandbox, and code to facilitate future research. Figure 1 : Benchmark performance of Thyme. The comprehensive set of image manipulation capabilities enables Thyme to achieve significant improvements over the baseline in perception tasks. By leveraging its ability to convert complex mathematical reasoning into executable code, it consistently outperforms baselines in mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Furthermore, the observed gains across a wide range of general benchmarks further validate the effectiveness of our training approach.