MixPrompt: Efficient Mixed Prompting for Multimodal Semantic Segmentation

Recent advances in multimodal semantic segmentation show that incorporating auxiliary inputs-such as depth or thermal images-can significantly improve performance over single-modality (RGB-only) approaches. However, most existing solutions rely on parallel backbone networks and complex fusion modules, greatly increasing model size and computational demands. Inspired by prompt tuning in large language models, we introduce MixPrompt: a prompting-based framework that integrates auxiliary modalities into a pretrained RGB segmentation model without modifying its architecture. MixPrompt uses a lightweight prompting module to extract and fuse information from auxiliary inputs into the main RGB backbone. This module is initialized using the early layers of a pretrained RGB feature extractor, ensuring a strong starting point. At each backbone layer, MixPrompt aligns RGB and auxiliary features in multiple low-rank subspaces, maximizing information use with minimal parameter overhead. An information mixing scheme enables cross-subspace interaction for further performance gains. During training, only the prompting module and segmentation head are updated, keeping the RGB backbone frozen for parameter efficiency. Experiments across NYU Depth V2, SUN-RGBD, MFNet, and DELIVER datasets show that Mix-Prompt achieves improvements of 4.3, 1.1, 0.4, and 1.1 mIoU, respectively, over two-branch baselines, while using nearly half the parameters. MixPrompt also outperforms recent prompting-based methods under similar compute budgets.The code is available at https://github.com/xiaoshideta/MixPrompt.