Multi-Synaptic Cooperation: A Bio-Inspired Framework for Robust and Scalable Continual Learning

Continual learning aims to acquire new knowledge incrementally while retaining prior information, with catastrophic forgetting (CF) being a central challenge. Existing methods can mitigate CF to some extent but are constrained by limited capacity, which often requires dynamic expansion for long task sequences and makes performance sensitive to task order. Inspired by the richness and plasticity of synaptic connections in biological nervous systems, we propose the Multi-Synaptic Cooperation Network (MSCN), a generalized framework that models cooperative interactions among multiple synapses through multi-synaptic connections modulated by local synaptic activity. This design enhances model representational capacity and enables task-adaptive plasticity by means of multi-synaptic cooperation, providing a new avenue for expanding model capacity while improving robustness to task order. During learning, our MSCN dynamically activates taskrelevant synapses while suppressing irrelevant ones, enabling targeted retrieval and minimizing interference. Extensive experiments across four benchmark datasets, involving both spiking and non-spiking neural networks, demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art continual learning methods with significantly improved robustness to task-order variation. Furthermore, our analysis reveals an optimal trade-off between synaptic richness and learning efficiency, where excessive connectivity can impair circuit performance. These findings highlight the importance of the multi-synaptic cooperation mechanism for achieving efficient continual learning and provide new insights into biologically inspired, robust, and scalable continual learning. Recently, various approaches have been proposed to mitigate catastrophic forgetting Bonicelli et al.