Out of Control: Effects of Multimodal Self-similarity on Embodiment During Autonomous Avatar Demonstrations in Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) training often requires autonomous avatar demonstrations, yet embodiment is strongest under direct control. We examine whether multimodal self-similarity (i.e., in appearance and voice) can preserve embodiment when control is constrained. In a 2 (self-similarity: self-similar vs. non-self-similar) × 2 (autonomy: autonomous vs. non-autonomous) within-group study, 24 participants performed a block-assembling task with self-avatars. Autonomous self-avatars increased emotional reactivity and frustration; non-autonomous self-avatars improved presence, agency, and self-attribution. Self-similarity was maintained, and self-attribution persisted during autonomous demonstrations. Tracking of head-direction (as a proxy for gaze) showed autonomy, and self-similarity increased head-based dwell on the mirror, whereas non-autonomous avatars redirected head orientation toward the body, environment, and task; an interaction effect revealed greater task-focused head-direction for non-self-similar autonomous avatars. These results indicate that autonomy and self-similarity appear to have potential additive influences on user perception in this study. We conclude that multimodal self-similarity can buffer embodiment loss during non-controllable phases and offer evidence-based guidance for designing mixed-control VR experiences.