Optimal Domain-Aware Privacy Mechanisms for Synthetic Data Generation

Differential privacy (DP) imposes fundamental trade-offs between privacy and statistical fidelity in synthetic data generation. While access to public data has been shown to improve these trade-offs empirically, existing approaches use public data only indirectly, through pre-processing (e.g., using pre-trained generative models) or post-processing steps (e.g., matching target statistics estimated from public datasets), while relying on domain-agnostic DP mechanisms. In this work, we lay the theoretical framework to study the principled incorporation of public data into DP mechanisms themselves. We consider normalized histograms as distribution estimators and characterize the asymptotically optimal domain-aware privacy mechanism within a specific class of DP mechanisms. We introduce PubMix, a public-data-aware DP mechanism that can be used in histogram-based data synthesis pipelines. Our experiments demonstrate that PubMix significantly improves synthetic data generation quality compared to domain-agnostic privacy mechanisms.