FR-Spec: Accelerating Large-Vocabulary Language Models via Frequency-Ranked Speculative Sampling

Speculative sampling has emerged as an important technique for accelerating the autoregressive generation process of large language models (LLMs) by utilizing a draft-then-verify mechanism to produce multiple tokens per forward pass. While state-of-the-art speculative sampling methods use only a single layer and a language modeling (LM) head as the draft model to achieve impressive layer compression, their efficiency gains are substantially reduced for large-vocabulary LLMs, such as Llama-3-8B with a vocabulary of 128k tokens. To address this, we present FR-Spec, a frequencyranked speculative sampling framework that optimizes draft candidate selection through vocabulary space compression. By constraining the draft search to a frequency-prioritized token subset, our method reduces LM Head computation overhead by 75% while ensuring the equivalence of the final output distribution. Experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate an average of 1.12× speedup over the state-ofthe-art speculative sampling method EAGLE-2. Code available at https://github.com/ thunlp/FR-Spec . * indicates equal contribution. † indicates corresponding authors.