InclusiveVidPose: Bridging the Pose Estimation Gap for Individuals with Limb Deficiencies in Video-Based Motion

Approximately 445.2 million individuals worldwide are living with traumatic amputations, and an estimated 31.64 million children aged 0–14 have congenital limb differences, yet they remain largely underrepresented in human pose estimation (HPE) research. Accurate HPE could significantly benefit this population in applications, such as rehabilitation monitoring and health assessment. However, the existing HPE datasets and methods assume that humans possess a full complement of upper and lower extremities and fail to model missing or altered limbs. As a result, people with limb deficiencies remain largely underrepresented, and current models cannot generalize to their unique anatomies or predict absent joints. To bridge this gap, we introduce InclusiveVidPose Dataset, the first video-based large-scale HPE dataset specific for individuals with limb deficiencies. We collect 313 videos, totaling 327k frames, and covering nearly 400 individuals with amputations, congenital limb differences, and prosthetic limbs. We adopt 8 extra keypoints at each residual limb end to capture individual anatomical variations. Under the guidance of an internationally accredited para-athletics classifier, we annotate each frame with pose keypoints, segmentation masks, bounding boxes, tracking IDs, and per-limb prosthesis status. Experiments on InclusiveVidPose highlight the limitations of the existing HPE models for individuals with limb deficiencies. We introduce a new evaluation metric, Limb-specific Confidence Consistency (LiCC), which assesses the consistency of pose estimations between residual and intact limb keypoints. We also provide a rigorous benchmark for evaluating inclusive and robust pose estimation algorithms, demonstrating that our dataset poses significant challenges. We hope InclusiveVidPose spur research toward methods that fairly and accurately serve all body types. The project website is available at: InclusiveVidPose.