Lagrangian Covector Fluid with Free Surface

Fig. 1. Examples of our method handling demanding fluid simulation scenarios. In three dimensions, a two-sink setup draining a tank of water (left), and generated waves hitting multiple solid objects (center). Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance amongst purely particle-based methods for simulating dynamic vortical structures, such as two-dimensional leapfrogging (right).

This paper introduces a novel Lagrangian fluid solver based on covector flow maps. We aim to address the challenges of establishing a robust flowmap solver for incompressible fluids under complex boundary conditions.

Our key idea is to use particle trajectories to establish precise flow maps and tailor path integrals of physical quantities along these trajectories to reformulate the Poisson problem during the projection step. We devise a decoupling mechanism based on path-integral identities from flow-map theory. This mechanism integrates long-range flow maps for the main fluid body into a short-range projection framework, ensuring a robust treatment of free boundaries. We show that our method can effectively transform a long-range projection problem with integral boundaries into a Poisson problem with standard boundary conditions -specifically, zero Dirichlet on the free surface and zero Neumann on solid boundaries. This transformation significantly enhances robustness and accuracy, extending the applicability of flow-map methods to complex free-surface problems.