Constraint-guided Hardware-aware NAS through Gradient Modification

Neural Architecture Search (NAS), particularly gradient-based techniques, has proven highly effective in automating the design of neural networks. Recent work has extended NAS to hardware-aware settings, aiming to discover architectures that are both accurate and computationally efficient. Many existing methods integrate hardware metrics into the optimization objective as regularization terms, which introduces differentiability requirements and hyperparameter tuning challenges. This can either result in overly penalizing resource-intensive architectures or architectures failing to meet the hardware constraints of the target device. To address these challenges, we propose CONNAS, a novel gradientbased NAS framework that enforces hardware constraints directly through gradient modification. This approach eliminates the need for differentiable hardware metrics and regularization weights. The novelty in CONNAS lies in modifying gradients with respect to architectural choices, steering the search away from infeasible architectures while ensuring constraint satisfaction. Evaluations on the NATS-Bench benchmark demonstrate that CONNAS consistently discovers architectures that meet the imposed hardware constraints while achieving performance within just 0.14% of the optimal feasible architecture. Additionally, in a practical deployment scenario, CONNAS outperforms handcrafted architectures by up to 1.55% in accuracy under tight hardware budgets. Our code is publicly available at https://gitlab.kuleuven.be/m-group-campus-brugge/ distrinet_public/connas .