Correcting the Mythos of KL-Regularization: Direct Alignment without Overoptimization via Chi-Squared Preference Optimization

Language model alignment methods such as reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) have led to impressive advances in language model capabilities, but are limited by a widely observed phenomenon known as overoptimization, where the quality of the language model degrades over the course of the alignment process. As the model optimizes performance with respect to an offline reward model, it overfits to inaccuracies and drifts away from preferred responses covered by the data. To discourage such distribution shift, KL-regularization is widely employed in existing offline alignment methods, but overoptimization continues to harm performance. Lending theoretical insight into the source of these empirical observations, we first show that the KL-regularization is too weak to prevent overfitting, then raise the following question: is it possible to design an efficient algorithm that is provably robust to overoptimization? We address this question with a new algorithm for offline alignment, χ 2 -Preference Optimization (χPO). χPO is a one-line change to Direct Preference Optimization (DPO; Rafailov et al. ( 2023 )), which only involves modifying the logarithmic link function in the DPO objective. Despite this minimal change, χPO implicitly implements the principle of pessimism in the face of uncertainty via regularization with the χ 2 -divergence-which quantifies uncertainty more effectively than KL-regularization-and provably alleviates overoptimization, achieving sample-complexity guarantees based on single-policy concentrability-the gold standard in offline reinforcement learning. χPO's simplicity and strong guarantees make it the first practical and general-purpose offline alignment algorithm that is provably robust to overoptimization.