NeuCon-ICE: Neuron-Level Controllable In-Context Editing for Multimodal Large Language Models

Multimodal knowledge editing (MKE) aims to efficiently rectify outdated or incorrect knowledge in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) while preserving reliability, generality, and locality. Recently, in-context editing (ICE) has emerged as a prevalent paradigm for MKE, focusing on inference-time context manipulation. While ICE mitigates the side effects of intrinsic interventions on MLLMs, it still suffers from an out-of-control limitation. Specifically, previous methods rely excessively on the implicit contextualization of MLLMs and regard the MKE process as a matter of chance. Based on this observation, we further identify the corresponding challenges as localizing the responsible key units and defining the triggering conditions within MLLMs. To address these challenges, we pursue a controllable ICE approach and refer to the multimodal neurons. Consequently, we propose a neuron-level controllable ICE framework for MKE, namely NeuCon-ICE. It consists of (1) a multimodal contextual neuron identification module that aims to determine where to edit by identifying the tightly coupled multimodal contextual neurons, and (2) a context-aware neuron editing module that aims to determine how to edit by selectively injecting context-aware updates into the identified neurons. Experiments on three representative MLLMs (BLIP-2, MiniGPT-4, and LLaVA 1.5) on ComprehendEdit and E-VQA demonstrate that NeuCon-ICE consistently achieves state-of-the-art overall performance, delivering an overall gain of at least 10.79% across baselines and datasets. The code is available at https://github.com/jc4357/NeuCon-ICE.