WebSynthesis: World Model-Guided Monte Carlo Tree Search for Efficient WebAgent Trajectory Synthesis

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled increasingly capable web agents, yet training such agents still relies on high-quality interaction trajectories that are difficult to obtain at scale. We identify two key challenges: (1) Infrastructure Overhead, where network instability and website access restrictions limit data collection scalability; and (2) Constrained Exploration, where irreversible state transitions preclude tree-based search and thus limit trajectory diversity. To address these challenges, we introduce Web-Synthesis, a framework for scalable trajectory synthesis. WebSynthesis employs an LLMbased World Model to simulate state transitions without network dependencies, and integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search to enable reversible exploration over the simulated state space. Experiments on WebArena, WebVoyager, and Mind2Web-Online demonstrate that agents trained exclusively on synthesized trajectories outperform those trained on real-world data, providing a viable alternative to costly real-world data collection. Our code is now available at Github.