PatchDNA: A Flexible and Biologically-Informed Alternative to Tokenization for DNA

DNA language models are emerging as powerful tools for representing genomic sequences, with recent progress driven by self-supervised learning. However, performance on downstream tasks is sensitive to tokenization strategies reflecting the complex encodings in DNA, where both regulatory elements and single-nucleotide changes can be functionally significant. Yet existing models are fixed to their initial tokenization strategy; single-nucleotide encodings result in long sequences that challenge transformer architectures, while fixed multi-nucleotide schemes like byte pair encoding struggle with character level modeling. Drawing inspiration from the Byte Latent Transformer’s combining of bytes into patches, we propose that ‘patching’ provides a competitive and more efficient alternative to tokenization for DNA sequences. Furthermore, patching eliminates the need for a fixed vocabulary, which offers unique advantages to DNA. Leveraging this, we propose a biologically informed strategy, using evolutionary conservation scores as a guide for ‘patch’ boundaries. By prioritizing conserved regions, our approach directs computational resources to the most functionally relevant parts of the DNA sequence. We show that models up to an order of magnitude smaller surpass current state-of-the-art performance in existing DNA benchmarks. Importantly, our approach provides the flexibility to change patching without retraining, overcoming a fundamental limitation of current tokenization methods.