TetraJet-v2: Accurate NVFP4 Training for Large Language Models with Oscillation Suppression and Outlier Control

Large Language Models (LLMs) training is prohibitively expensive, driving interest in lowprecision fully-quantized training (FQT). While novel 4-bit formats like NVFP4 offer substantial efficiency gains, achieving near-lossless training at such low precision remains challenging. We introduce TetraJet-v2, an end-to-end 4-bit FQT method that leverages NVFP4 for activations, weights and gradients in all linear layers. We identify two critical issues hindering low-precision LLM training: weight oscillation and outliers. To address them, we propose: 1) an unbiased double-block quantization method for NVFP4 linear layers with practically optimal convergence in LLM training, 2) OsciReset, the first effective algorithm to suppress LLMs' weight oscillation bottleneck, and 3) OutControl, a mix-precision algorithm to retain outlier accuracy. TetraJet-v2 outperforms prior methods on FP4 pre-training for LLMs across models up to 370M parameters trained up to 212B tokens, reducing the performance gap to BF16 by an average of 51.3% while enabling 1.67× end-to-end speedup over FP8. 1