T-CIL: Temperature Scaling using Adversarial Perturbation for Calibration in Class-Incremental Learning

We study model confidence calibration in class-incremental learning, where models learn from sequential tasks with different class sets. While existing works primarily focus on accuracy, maintaining calibrated confidence has been largely overlooked. Unfortunately, most post-hoc calibration techniques are not designed to work with the limited memories of old-task data typical in class-incremental learning, as retaining a sufficient validation set would be impractical. Thus, we propose T-CIL, a novel temperature scaling approach for class-incremental learning without a validation set for old tasks, that leverages adversarially perturbed exemplars from memory. Directly using exemplars is inadequate for temperature optimization, since they are already used for training. The key idea of T-CIL is to perturb exemplars more strongly for old tasks than for the new task by adjusting the perturbation direction based on feature distance, with the single magnitude determined using the new-task validation set. This strategy makes the perturbation magnitude computed from the new task also applicable to old tasks, leveraging the tendency that the accuracy of old tasks is lower than that of the new task. We empirically show that T-CIL significantly outperforms various baselines in terms of calibration on real datasets and can be integrated with existing class-incremental learning techniques with minimal impact on accuracy.