PixelPyramids: Exact Inference Models from Lossless Image Pyramids

Autoregressive models are a class of exact inference approaches with highly flexible functional forms, yielding state-of-the-art density estimates for natural images. Yet, the sequential ordering on the dimensions makes these models computationally expensive and limits their applicability to low-resolution imagery. In this work, we propose Pixel-Pyramids, 1 a block-autoregressive approach employing a lossless pyramid decomposition with scale-specific representations to encode the joint distribution of image pixels. Crucially, it affords a sparser dependency structure compared to fully autoregressive approaches. Our PixelPyramids yield state-of-the-art results for density estimation on various image datasets, especially for high-resolution data. For CelebA-HQ 1024 × 1024, we observe that the density estimates (in terms of bits/dim) are improved to ∼44 % of the baseline despite sampling speeds superior even to easily parallelizable flow-based models.