Skill-Based Mixture-of-Experts: Adaptive Routing for Heterogeneous Reasoning via Inferred Skills

Combining existing pre-trained LLMs is a promising approach for diverse reasoning tasks. However, task-level expert selection is often too coarsegrained, since different instances may require different expertise. To address this, we propose SKILL-MOE, a symbolic, skill-based, and gradient-free Mixture-of-Experts framework for instance-level expert selection. SKILL-MOE infers skills (e.g., algebra in mathematics) from each query, selects experts based on skill relevance, and lets each expert generate its own reasoning. The resulting k outputs are then synthesized by an aggregator chosen for its ability to integrate diverse responses. While instance-level selection substantially improves performance, naively implementing it incurs heavy overhead from repeated model loading and offloading. We address this with a batch inference strategy that groups instances by assigned experts, allowing each model to be loaded only once. As a result, SKILL-MOE integrates 16 expert models on a single GPU with runtime comparable to prior multi-agent baselines using 4 GPUs. Across diverse benchmarks (MMLU-Pro, GPQA, AIME, and MedMCQA), SKILL-MOE achieves an average absolute improvement of 8.15% over the best baseline. It also generalizes well to unseen tasks and outperforms discussion-based methods without requiring expensive multi-round interactions. 1