CrocSort: Resource-Efficient, Skew-Resilient Parallel External Merge Sort

Sorting is a core operator in large-scale data systems. As data increasingly exceeds main memory, external merge sort is essential, yet many implementations over-allocate memory and over-parallelize, decreasing efficiency. We present CrocSort , a byte-balanced parallel external merge sort with configurable memory and per-phase thread settings. Using analysis and experiments, we derive practical resource-configuration rules for selecting these settings from input size, memory budget, and thread cap. To balance parallel merge under skew, CrocSort reuses run sparse indexes for range partitioning to create a virtual total order over records. CrocSort also uses offset-value codes and related optimizations to reduce comparison work and, for prefix-redundant workloads, intermediate I/O volume. Across TPC-H and synthetic workloads on modern NVMe systems, CrocSort completes sorting at memory budgets where production systems abort, and the planner reduces unnecessary resource allocation compared to the greedy maximal approach across both tight- and ample-memory regimes.