Preference Optimization for Reasoning with Pseudo Feedback
Fangkai Jiao, Geyang Guo, Xingxing Zhang, Nancy F. Chen, Shafiq Joty, Furu Wei
Abstract
Preference optimization techniques, such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), are frequently employed to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in domains like mathematical reasoning and coding, typically following supervised fine-tuning. These methods rely on high-quality labels for reasoning tasks to generate preference pairs; however, the availability of reasoning datasets with human-verified labels is limited. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to generate pseudo feedback for reasoning tasks by framing the labeling of solutions to reason problems as an evaluation against associated test cases. We explore two forms of pseudo feedback based on test cases: one generated by frontier LLMs and the other by extending self-consistency to multitest-case. We conduct experiments on both mathematical reasoning and coding tasks using pseudo feedback for preference optimization, and observe improvements across both tasks. Specifically, using Mathstral-7B as our base model, we improve MATH results from 58.3 to 68.6, surpassing both NuminaMath-72B and GPT-4-Turbo-1106-preview. In GSM8K and College Math, our scores increase from 85.6 to 90.3 and from 34.3 to 42.3, respectively. Building on Deepseek-coder-7B-v1.5, we achieve a score of 24.3 on LiveCodeBench (from 21.1), surpassing Claude-3-Haiku. 1
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Your agent calls
Luneget_paper_fulltext
Free to start. No credit card required.
Terminal
Install the CLIlune papers fulltext f3dca9f4-ba36-4485-91fa-1b17a13a3b5bCited by top-tier papers25
- Visual-RFT: Visual Reinforcement Fine-TuningZiyu Liu, Zeyi Sun, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong et al.ICCV 2025 · 563 citations
- Right Question is Already Half the Answer: Fully Unsupervised LLM Reasoning IncentivizationQingyang Zhang, Haitao Wu, Changqing Zhang, Peilin Zhao et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 134 citations
- Unified Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reward Model through Reinforcement Fine-TuningYibin Wang, Zhimin Li, Yuhang Zang, Chunyu Wang et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 102 citations
- ReMA: Learning to Meta-Think for LLMs with Multi-agent Reinforcement LearningZiyu Wan, Yunxiang Li, Xiaoyu Wen, Yan Song et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 76 citations
- ACECODER: Acing Coder RL via Automated Test-Case SynthesisHuaye Zeng, Dongfu Jiang, Haozhe Wang, Ping Nie et al.ACL 2025 · 72 citations
Builds on23
- Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language ModelsJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 22,562 citations
- Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward ModelRafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D. Manning et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 10,924 citations
- Let's Verify Step by StepHunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards et al.ICLR 2024 · 3,045 citations
- Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language ModelsXuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le et al.ICLR 2023 · 681 citations
- CodeRL: Mastering Code Generation through Pretrained Models and Deep Reinforcement LearningHung Le, Yue Wang, Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare, Silvio Savarese et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 571 citations
Related papers
- Learning Planning-based Reasoning by Trajectories Collection and Process Reward SynthesizingFangkai Jiao, Chengwei Qin, Zhengyuan Liu, Nancy F. Chen et al.EMNLP 2024 · 1 citation
- Uncertainty-Aware Iterative Preference Optimization for Enhanced LLM ReasoningLei Li, Hehuan Liu, Yaxin Zhou, ZhaoYang Gui et al.ACL 2025 · 3 citations
- Self-Training with Direct Preference Optimization Improves Chain-of-Thought ReasoningTianduo Wang, Shichen Li, Wei LuACL 2024
- Building Math Agents with Multi-Turn Iterative Preference LearningWei Xiong, Chengshuai Shi, Jiaming Shen, Aviv Rosenberg et al.ICLR 2025 · 1 citation
- Enhancing Logical Reasoning in Language Models via Symbolically-Guided Monte Carlo Process SupervisionXingwei Tan, Marco Valentino, Mahmud Elahi Akhter, Maria Liakata et al.EMNLP 2025 · 7 citations
