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EMNLP Findings2023

Aligning Language Models to User Opinions

EunJeong Hwang, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, Niket Tandon

Abstract

An important aspect of developing LLMs that interact with humans is to align models' behavior to their users. It is possible to prompt an LLM into behaving as a certain persona, especially a user group or ideological persona the model captured during its pertaining stage. But, how to best align an LLM with a specific user and not a demographic or ideological group remains an open question. Mining public opinion surveys (by PEW research), we find that the opinions of a user and their demographics and ideologies are not mutual predictors. We use this insight to align LLMs by modeling relevant past user opinions in addition to user demographics and ideology, achieving up to 7 points accuracy gains in predicting public opinions from survey questions across a broad set of topics 1 . Our work opens up the research avenues to bring user opinions as an important ingredient in aligning language models.

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Cited by top-tier papers38

  1. How AI Processing Delays Foster Creativity: Exploring Research Question Co-Creation with an LLM-based AgentYiren Liu, Si Chen, Haocong Cheng, Mengxia Yu et al.CHI 2024 · 57 citations
  2. Group Preference Optimization: Few-Shot Alignment of Large Language ModelsSiyan Zhao, John Dang, Aditya GroverICLR 2024 · 54 citations
  3. Language Model Fine-Tuning on Scaled Survey Data for Predicting Distributions of Public OpinionsJoseph Suh, Erfan Jahanparast, Suhong Moon, Minwoo Kang et al.ACL 2025 · 48 citations
  4. Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A SurveyMuhammad Farid Adilazuarda, Sagnik Mukherjee, Pradhyumna Lavania, Siddhant Singh et al.EMNLP 2024 · 21 citations
  5. Pairwise Calibrated Rewards for Pluralistic AlignmentDaniel Halpern, Evi Micha, Ariel D. Procaccia, Itai ShapiraNeurIPS 2025 · 15 citations

Builds on6

  1. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language ModelsJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 22,562 citations
  2. Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language ModelsUrvashi Khandelwal, Omer Levy, Dan Jurafsky, Luke Zettlemoyer et al.ICLR 2020 · 1,038 citations
  3. Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?Shibani Santurkar, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Cinoo Lee et al.ICML 2023 · 764 citations
  4. Toxicity in chatgpt: Analyzing persona-assigned language modelsAmeet Deshpande, Vishvak Murahari, Tanmay Rajpurohit, Ashwin Kalyan et al.EMNLP Findings 2023 · 178 citations
  5. Memory-assisted prompt editing to improve GPT-3 after deploymentAman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Peter Clark, Yiming YangEMNLP 2022 · 1 citation

Related papers

  1. Algorithmic Fidelity of Large Language Models in Generating Synthetic German Public Opinions: A Case StudyBolei Ma, Berk Yoztyurk, Anna-Carolina Haensch, Xinpeng Wang et al.ACL 2025 · 11 citations
  2. What Do Large Language Models Know About Opinions?Erfan Jahanparast, Zhiqing Hong, Serina ChangICLR 2026
  3. Reward Model Perspectives: Whose Opinions Do Reward Models Reward?ElleEMNLP 2025
  4. Beyond Demographics: Aligning Role-playing LLM-based Agents Using Human Belief NetworksYun-Shiuan Chuang, Krirk Nirunwiroj, Zach Studdiford, Agam Goyal et al.EMNLP Findings 2024 · 8 citations
  5. Improving the Distributional Alignment of LLMs using SupervisionGauri Kambhatla, Sanjana Gautam, Angela Zhang, Alexander Liu et al.ACL 2026 · 1 citation
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