Three Modalities, Two Design Probes, One Prototype, and No Vision: Experience-Based Co-Design of a Multi-modal 3D Data Visualization Tool

Three-dimensional (3D) data visualizations, such as surface plots, are vital in STEM fields from biomedical imaging to meteorology and spectroscopy, yet remain largely inaccessible to blind and low-vision (BLV) people. To address this gap, we conducted an Experience-Based Co-Design (EBCD) with BLV co-designers with expertise in non-visual data representations to create an accessible, multi-modal, web-native visualization tool. Using a multi-phase co-design methodology, our team of five BLV and one non-BLV researcher(s) participated in two iterative sessions, comparing a low-fidelity tactile probe with a high-fidelity digital prototype. This process produced a prototype with empirically grounded features, including reference sonification, stereo and volumetric audio, and configurable buffer aggregation, which our BLV co-designers validated as improving analytic accuracy and learnability. In this study, we explicitly target core analytic tasks essential for non-visual 3D data exploration: 3D orientation, landmark and peak finding, comparing local maxima versus global trends, gradient tracing, and identifying occluded or partially hidden features. Our work offers accessibility researchers and developers a co-design protocol for translating tactile knowledge to digital interfaces, concrete design guidance for future systems, and opportunities to extend accessible 3D visualization into embodied data environments.