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EMNLP Findings2020

GRUEN for Evaluating Linguistic Quality of Generated Text

Wanzheng Zhu, Suma Bhat

Abstract

Automatic evaluation metrics are indispensable for evaluating generated text. To date, these metrics have focused almost exclusively on the content selection aspect of the system output, ignoring the linguistic quality aspect altogether. We bridge this gap by proposing GRUEN for evaluating Grammaticality, non-Redundancy, focUs, structure and coherENce of generated text. 1 GRUEN utilizes a BERTbased model and a class of syntactic, semantic, and contextual features to examine the system output. Unlike most existing evaluation metrics which require human references as an input, GRUEN is reference-less and requires only the system output. Besides, it has the advantage of being unsupervised, deterministic, and adaptable to various tasks. Experiments on seven datasets over four language generation tasks show that the proposed metric correlates highly with human judgments. 2

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Cited by top-tier papers12

  1. VALSE: A Task-Independent Benchmark for Vision and Language Models Centered on Linguistic PhenomenaLetitia Parcalabescu, Michele Cafagna, Lilitta Muradjan, Anette Frank et al.ACL 2022 · 147 citations
  2. Rambler: Supporting Writing With Speech via LLM-Assisted Gist ManipulationSusan Lin, Jeremy Warner, J. D. Zamfirescu-Pereira, Matthew G. Lee et al.CHI 2024 · 38 citations
  3. ViLMA: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Linguistic and Temporal Grounding in Video-Language ModelsIlker Kesen, Andrea Pedrotti, Mustafa Dogan, Michele Cafagna et al.ICLR 2024 · 25 citations
  4. Evaluation of LLM Vulnerabilities to Being Misused for Personalized Disinformation GenerationAneta Zugecova, Dominik Macko, Ivan Srba, Róbert Móro et al.ACL 2025 · 18 citations
  5. Idiomatic Expression Paraphrasing without Strong SupervisionJianing Zhou, Ziheng Zeng, Hongyu Gong, Suma BhatAAAI 2022 · 12 citations

Builds on2

  1. ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language RepresentationsZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel et al.ICLR 2020 · 7,418 citations
  2. Facet-Aware Evaluation for Extractive SummarizationYuning Mao, Liyuan Liu, Qi Zhu, Xiang Ren et al.ACL 2020 · 19 citations

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  1. Global Explainability of BERT-Based Evaluation Metrics by Disentangling along Linguistic FactorsMarvin Kaster, Wei Zhao, Steffen EgerEMNLP 2021 · 13 citations
  2. RoMe: A Robust Metric for Evaluating Natural Language GenerationMd Rashad Al Hasan Rony, Liubov Kovriguina, Debanjan Chaudhuri, Ricardo Usbeck et al.ACL 2022 · 15 citations
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  4. G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using Gpt-4 with Better Human AlignmentYang Liu, Dan Iter, Yichong Xu, Shuohang Wang et al.EMNLP 2023 · 549 citations
  5. Reference-based Metrics Disprove Themselves in Question GenerationBang Nguyen, Mengxia Yu, Yun Huang, Meng JiangEMNLP Findings 2024 · 2 citations
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