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ACL Findings2023

Automatic Identification of Code-Switching Functions in Speech Transcripts

Ritu Belani, Jeffrey Flanigan

Abstract

Code-switching, or switching between languages, occurs for many reasons and has important linguistic, sociological, and cultural implications. Multilingual speakers code-switch for a variety of communicative functions, such as expressing emotions, borrowing terms, making jokes, introducing a new topic, etc. The function of code-switching may be quite useful for the analysis of linguists, cognitive scientists, speech therapists, and others, but is not readily apparent. To remedy this situation, we annotate and release a new dataset of functions of code-switching in Spanish-English. We build the first system (to our knowledge) to automatically identify a wide range of functions for which speakers code-switch in everyday speech, achieving an accuracy of 75% across all functions.

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Cited by top-tier papers1

  1. Discourse-Driven Code-Switching: Analyzing the Role of Content and Communicative Function in Spanish-English Bilingual SpeechDebasmita Bhattacharya, Juan Junco, Divya Tadimeti, Julia HirschbergEMNLP 2025

Builds on1

  1. Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at ScaleAlexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary et al.ACL 2020 · 539 citations

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  3. Code-switching Mediated Sentence-level Semantic LearningShuai Zhang, Jiangyan Yi, Zhengqi Wen, Jianhua Tao et al.AAAI 2025
  4. GLUECoS: An Evaluation Benchmark for Code-Switched NLPSimran Khanuja, Sandipan Dandapat, Anirudh Srinivasan, Sunayana Sitaram et al.ACL 2020 · 12 citations
  5. Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-SwitchersRuochen Zhang, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Jan Christian Blaise Cruz, Genta Indra Winata et al.EMNLP 2023 · 19 citations
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